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In Noah鈥檚 time, when the great flood destroyed the earth, the floodwaters poured forth from two sources: rainfall from above and, from below, vast amounts of subterranean water rising to the surface. Moses records what happened this way: 鈥淎ll the fountains of the great deep were broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened鈥� (Genesis 7:11, NKJV).

The 鈥渇ountains of the great deep鈥� (ESV, NKJV, NASB) and the 鈥渨indows of the heavens鈥� (ESV) describe the origins of water that supplied the great flood. The global catastrophe occurred when 鈥渁ll the underground waters erupted from the earth,鈥� and 鈥渢he rain fell in mighty torrents from the sky,鈥� and the flood waters rose (Genesis 7:11, NLT). 鈥淔or forty days the flood kept coming on the earth, and . . . the waters increased鈥� (verse 17). The earth was thrown into chaos, and all the land鈥檚 inhabitants except Noah and his family were swept away. But then 鈥渢he fountains of the deep and the windows of the heavens were closed,鈥� and 鈥渢he rain from the heavens was restrained鈥� (Genesis 8:2, ESV). The waters began to recede.

The word translated as 鈥渄eep鈥� (迟别丑么尘 in Hebrew) in Genesis 7:11 and 8:2 also appears in the creation account (see Genesis 1:2) and in the Song of Moses remembering the drowning of Pharoah鈥檚 army in the Red Sea (see Exodus 15:5, 8). The word means 鈥渙cean鈥� or 鈥渟ea depths鈥� and carries the sense of unfathomed waters (Psalm 104:6–9; Job 38:16; Jonah 2:3). It is sometimes used metaphorically in Scripture for desperate circumstances (Psalm 18:16; 30:1; 69:2, 15; 2 Samuel 22:17). Given its biblical association with catastrophic events and as the source of divine punishment, it鈥檚 unsurprising that the 鈥済reat deep鈥� is also a metaphor for God鈥檚 righteous judgments in Psalm 36:6.

The word translated as 鈥渇ountain鈥� (尘补鈥榶蓹苍艒峁� in Hebrew) in Genesis 7:11 and 8:2 refers to a natural flow of groundwater, such as a spring or headwater. The image of a fountain or spring is used figuratively throughout the Bible to represent God (Psalm 36:9; Jeremiah 2:13), wisdom (Proverbs 10:11; 13:14; 14:27; 16:22; 18:4), a spouse (Proverbs 5:18), prosperity (Hosea 13:15), the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 14:27), life (Ecclesiastes 12:6), and eternal life (Revelation 7:17; 21:6).

The exact phrase fountain of the deep only appears in the flood account and in wisdom literature. Proverbs 8:22–31 ties the wisdom of God with creation and draws readers back to some of the events of Genesis, including the creation of the firmament, the sky, and 鈥渢he fountains of the deep鈥� (verse 28, ESV).

When the time came for God to judge the world, He sent rain—lots of it—and He also brought floodwaters up from a place below the earth. The 鈥渇ountains of the great deep鈥� were broken up, releasing the pent-up water below and allowing it to gush up onto dry ground.